Which items are cited as examples of dual-use items under EAR?

• A. Computers, aircraft, and pathogens
• B. Televisions and radios only
• C. Food flavorings
• D. Pharmaceuticals for consumer use only

Answer: (A)

Dual-use items under EAR are goods that have legitimate civilian uses but can also enable military or proliferation-related activities. Computers, aircraft, and even certain biological agents are cited as examples because each can be repurposed for weapons development, surveillance, or illicit programs, making them subject to export controls to prevent misuse. Computers underpin sensitive capabilities and can be used for encryption or cyber tools; aircraft can function as platforms for delivery or testing of weapons; pathogens have direct potential for misuse in biological threats, so their handling and transfer are tightly regulated. This broad scope shows that items aren’t limited to obvious weapons—any technology with dual potential can fall under EAR controls. Televisions and radios are common consumer devices with limited dual-use risk in most contexts, foods and consumer-use pharmaceuticals are likewise non-sensitive; they don’t typically represent dual-use concerns under EAR.